Phone/Online Version of My Star

 

Measuring the Sky with your Fingers -- Held at arm’s length. The circumference of the Equator contains 360 degrees. Each degree contains 60’ (or arcminutes) and each arcminute contains 60” (arcseconds). Library telescopes have a theoretical resolution of 1 arcsecond, which is about the width of a mechanical pencil lead seen from a distance of 100 meters! In practice it is difficult to separate stars at less than 4”. There are 1,296,000 arcseconds in the Ecliptic or the Equator!

Measuring the sky on the charts -- The distance between the stars on the handle of the Little Dipper (Ursa Minor) is about 4-degrees. Cut a strip of paper, mark off the 4-degree segments, and use that to measure distance on the star charts.

Measuring the sky with the Silver Rings Finder -- Put your eye close to the rear silver ring and center both rings. A bright star in the center of both rings should be visible in the eyepiece at its lowest power. The angular distance across the smaller ring is about 4-degrees, so you can use the edges of the ring to measure across from one star to another. The map measurement should be roughly the same as the silver ring measurement.

For an up-to-date star chart with moon phases goto:

https://www.skymaps.com/downloads.html

And	γ	Gamma (Almach) K-class Supergiant, mag 2, 355 ly. Dbl sep 10” to mag 5. (Jim Mazur)
And	M31	SG mag 3, 178’x70’, 2.5 million ly. Spiral form reflects multiple collisions with other galaxies over 8 billion years. Most of the galactic disk rotates in one direction, but a small region toward the core rotates in the opposite direction as a result of a collision  about 100 million years ago. The inner nucleus has two centers P1 and P2 separated by 5 ly. P2 has a supermassive black hole of about 140x10^6 M๏. (Sgr A* is about 4x10^6 M๏.) So far, 35 black holes have been detected in M31. It contains more than 1x10^12 stars. The image also shows M32 and M110. (John Reed)
And	M32	EG, mag 8, 8’x5’, contains a supermassive black hole of ~3x10^6 M๏. Mostly old red and yellow stars. 2.6x10^6 ly.
And	M110	mag 8, 16’x10’, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy of about 10x10^9 stars and 8 globular clusters, 2.7x10^6 ly.
And	752	OC mag 5, 75’, 1491 ly. There’s a nice dbl on its edge.
Aql	α	Alpha (Altair) A-class, mag 1, 17 ly, rotates in 9 hours at nearly 3/4 of break-up speed. Rapid proper motion, traveling about 60' in 5000 years.
Aqr	M2	GC mag 6, 8’x8’, 33k ly, 150k stars, 13x10^9 years old. (Roberto Marinoni)
Aqr	7293	PN (Helix Nebula), mag 7, 12’x10’, 522 ly. The largest PN in our sky but low surface brightness makes seeing it difficult.  (Guillermo Spiers Madge)
Ari	γ	Gamma, B-class, mag 5, 164 ly. Dbl sep 8” to mag 5.
Aur	α	Alpha (Capella) G-class Giant, mag 0, 43 ly. Actually a very close double, the two stars orbiting each other in 104 days.
Aur	ε	Epsilon, A-class Supergiant, mag 3, 1300 ly. Eclipsing binary. The secondary star is surrounded by a huge disk of dust that causes 2 years of dimming.
Aur	M36	OC mag 6, 7’x7’, 4100 ly, ~100 stars. 25x10^6 years old.
Aur	M37	OC mag 6, 11’x11’, 4400 ly, ~200 stars. 450x10^6 years old.
Aur	M38	OC mag 7, 10’x10’, 3500 ly, ~100 stars. 250x10^6 years old.
Aur	2281	OC mag 5, 14’x14’, ~25 stars, 1700 ly, 600x10^6 years old.
Boo	α	Alpha (Arcturus) K-class Giant, mag 0, 37 ly. Third brightest star in the night sky. Relatively old at 7x10^9 years. Light from Arcturus was used to flip a switch and start the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair.
Boo	ε	Epsilon (Izar) K-class Giant, mag 3, 240 ly. Colorful dbl sep 3” to mag 5.
Boo	ξ	Xi, G-class mag 5, 22 ly, dbl sep 5” to mag 7. Color contrast.
Boo	μ	Mu1, F-class, mag 4, 116 ly, dbl sep 107” to mag 7. Mu2 is also dbl sep 2” from mag 8.
Boo	π	Pi, B-class, mag 5, 310 ly. Dbl sep 6” to mag 6.
Boo	ξ	Xi, G-class mag 5, 22 ly, colorful dbl sep 5” to mag 7.
Cap	α	Alpha1 / Alpha2 Naked-eye dbl, 870 ly, each mag 4, sep 6'.
Cap	β	Beta (Dabih) G-class Bright Giant, mag 3, 556 ly. Pretty dbl, sep ~3’ from mag 6, Beta2. The pair orbit one another in about 700k years. About 3-degrees S of Alpha.
Cap	M30	GC, mag 8, 27k ly, 12.9x10^9 years old, ~150k stars. May have been captured during past galactic interactions since it orbits in retrograde to the rest of the Milky Way.
Cas	457	OC (Owl Cluster), mag 6, 150 stars, pale haze around 5th and 7th mag eyes of stick figure, 9000 ly.
Cas	M103	OC, mag 7, faint, 40 stars, 8000 ly. Row of 3 mag 7  stars.
Cas	η	Eta (Achird) F-class, mag 3, 19 ly. Colorful dbl sep 13” to mag 7 K-class dwarf.
Cas	7789	Caroline’s Rose OC, mag 7. Named for its discoverer Caroline Herschel (1783). Most OC’s are young stars, but these are almost a billion years old.
Cas	M54	Really M52. OC, mag 6, 9’x9’, 200 stars. ~5000 ly. 35x10^6 years old.
Cep	δ	Delta, F-class Supergiant, mag 4, 865 ly. Dbl sep 41” to mag 6. Prototype Cepheid variable, mag 3.6 - 4.3 in 5.37 days.
Cep	μ	Mu (Herschel’s Garnet Star), M-class Supergiant, mag 4, 2840 ly. One of the largest known stars (1300x D๏) and 250k times brighter than the Sun! Irregular variable, mag 3.6 - 5.1.
Cet	γ	Gamma (Kaffaljidhma), A-class, mag 3, 82 ly; dbl sep 3” to mag 6. Also Gamma-C, sep 15’ to mag 10.
Cet	ο	Omicron (Mira) M-class Giant, var. 332 days, mag 3 - 10, 300 ly.  It is a red giant on the way to becoming a planetary nebula and white dwarf. Dbl sep 2’ to mag 10.
CMa	α	Alpha (Sirius) A-class, mag -1.5, 8.7 ly. Dbl sep 11” to mag 9 white dwarf, very difficult split. Sirius B packs the mass of the Sun into a star only twice the size of Earth.
CMa	M41	OC mag 5, 38’x38’, 2300 ly, 220x10^6 years old, 100+ stars.
CMi	ꭤ	Alpha (Procyon) F-class Subgiant, mag 0.4, 11 ly. Dbl sep 5’ to mag 11 white dwarf. Procyon B was first observed in 1896 by John Martin Shaeberle using the 36” Lick refractor.
Cnc	ζ	Zeta (Tegmina) F-class, mag 5, 82 ly. Dbl sep 6” to mag 6.
Cnc	M44	Praesepe, The Beehive. OC, mag 4, 90'x90', 577 ly. Contains about 1000 stars, 2/3 Red Dwarfs.
Cnc	ι	Iota, G-class Giant, mag 4, 298 ly. Dbl sep 30” to mag 7.
Cnc	M67	OC mag 7, 100 stars, 30’x30’. 2700 ly. The oldest open cluster in the galaxy, 4x10^9 years old! (YuanD)
Com	β	Beta F-class, mag 4, 30 ly. Dbl sep 91” to mag 10.
Com	111	V-shaped cluster of 20+ stars, mag 2, 280 ly.
Com	M53	GC mag 8, 9’x9’, 58k ly, 500k stars, 12.7x10^9 years old. Most stars in GCs are very old, but M53 contains quite a few “blue stragglers” -- short-lived, hot blue stars, perhaps formed by the merger of two old stars.
CVn	α	Alpha (Cor Caroli) A-class, mag 3, 110 ly, dbl sep 20” from mag 6. Named for the beheaded King Charles I.
CVn	M51	SG (Whirlpool), mag 8, 14’x12’; 23x10^6 ly. Linked to NGC5195, a mag 11 dwarf galaxy.
CVn	M3	GC mag 6, 16’x16’; 34k ly; 500K stars; ~9x10^9 y.
Cyg	α	Alpha (Deneb) A-class Supergiant, mag 1, 1412 ly, age ~400x10^6 y, 23x M☉. Very luminous. If placed at the distance of Vega (25 ly), Deneb would be 15x brighter than Venus at its brightest and easily visible in daylight! It is 100x the diameter of the Sun. Will soon go supernova.
Cyg	β	Beta (Albireo) K-class Bright Giant, mag 3, 386 ly, orange/blue dbl. BetaA mag 3, BetaB mag 5, sep 35”. Beautiful!
Cyg	61	Dbl, sep 29”, CygA mag 5, CygB mag 6; first star with measured distance, 11.1 ly (1840).
Cyg	M39	OC mag 5, 30+ stars, 800 ly. Noted by Aristotle in about 325 BC. Fairly young stars, age 200x10^6 y.
Cyg	7000	North America Nebula, mag 4, emission nebula 4x diameter of the Moon. Use averted vision.
Cyg	M29	OC mag 7, 4K ly, 1/4 size of moon, 5 or 6 hot, young B-class stars. Age 10x10^6.
Del	γ	Gamma, K-class Subgiant, mag 4, colorful dbl sep 9” to mag 5.
Dra	6543	(Cat’s Eye) PN mag 9, 20”x20”, 3300 ly. First PN to be observed with a spectroscope by William Huggins in 1864. The bright emission lines proved it was composed of ionized gas.
Gem	α	Alpha (Castor) A-class, mag 2, 51 ly. Castor is a colorful triple, sep 5” and 70”. Spectroscopy shows it is a sextuple system of three binary pairs! Aa+Ab mag 1.93, Ba+Bb mag 2.97, Ca+Cb mag 9.83.
Gem	β	Beta (Pollux) K-class Giant, mag 1, 34 ly. Dbl sep 3’ to mag 11. A planet 2x Jupiter’s mass orbits at about the distance of Mars from the Sun.
Gem	ζ	Zeta (Mekbuda) G-class Supergiant, mag 4, 1376 ly; Cepheid var 3.6 - 4.2 in 10.15 days. 2900x the luminosity of the Sun.
Gem	M35	Superb OC, mag 5, 300+ stars, 2800 ly.
Her	α	Alpha (Rasalgethi) M-class supergiant, var mag 3.1 -3.9 in 1343 days. Dbl sep 5" to mag 5.
Her	ρ	Rho, A-class Giant, mag 5, 402 ly. Dbl sep 4” to mag 6.
Her	M92	GC mag 6, 27k ly, age 11x10^9 y, 330k stars, compact. (Jerry Macon)
Her	M13	GC mag 6, 20’x20’, 22k ly, 300k stars, age 11.6x10^9 y. Best of all globs. (Fran Jackson)
Leo	α	Alpha (Regulus) B-class Subgiant, mag 1, 77 ly. Rotates in 16 hours, making it oblate. Its equatorial diameter is 1/3 longer than its axis. Dbl sep 3’ to mag 8.
Leo	γ	Gamma (Algieba) K-class Giant, mag 3, 126 ly. Dbl sep 5” to mg 4.
Lep	M79	GC mag 9, 7’x7’. 42k ly. 150k stars, mostly red giants. Age 11.7x10^9. Rare extragalactic GC believed to have migrated into the Milky Way from the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy.
Lyr	α	Alpha (Vega) A-class Hypergiant, mag 0, 5th brightest star, very nearby (25 ly), 2.3x M๏, 2.5x D๏, 400x10^6 y. Vega will be the north star in 12k AD.
Lyr	ε	Epsilon, Double-Double, 5th mag, ε1 - ε2 sep 4’, 160 ly. ε1 is itself a mag 6 double with a separation of 2.6”. ε2 is a mag 5 close double with a separation of 2.3”.
Lyr	β	Beta (Sheliak) B-class Bright Giant, eclipsing var mag 3.4 - 4.3 in 12.9 days. 962 ly. Dbl sep 46” to mag 9.
Lyr	M57	PN (Ring Nebula), mag 9, 2’x2’, 23k ly. Its central white dwarf is a very hot (120k K) remnant of a red giant like Mira that blew up about 7000 years ago.
Lyr	M56	GC mag 8, 6’x6’, 33k ly, 80k stars. It may have been part of a dwarf galaxy that was absorbed by the Milky Way. Its parent, Omega Centauri, is now a huge globular cluster of about 10x10^6 stars that is prominent in the southern hemisphere.
Mon	β	Beta, B-class, mag 4, triple. A - B sep 7”. B - C sep 3”. 691 .
Mon	2264	OC + DN (Christmas Tree Cluster and Cone Nebula), mag 4, 11’x11’. 2600 ly.
Mon	2237	DN (emission) (Rosette Nebula), mag 5, 80’x60’, 5500 ly.
Mon	M50	OC, mag 6, 14’x14’, 3100 ly.
Oph	M12	GC, mag 6, 9’x9’, 16k ly. 200k stars. 12.7x10^9 years old.
Oph	M10	GC, mag 5, 8’x8’, 14k ly. 100k stars. 11.4x10^9 years old.
Oph	M14	GC, mag 6, 3’x3’, 30k ly. 150k stars. 13x10^9 years old.
Oph	4665	OC, mag 5. Sprinkling of stars, 1K ly. 35x10^6 years old.
Oph	6633	OC, mag 5, 12’x12’, 30+ stars.
Oph	M19	GC, mag 7, 7’x7’, 29k ly, 12x10^9 y, 300k stars. Oblate shape.
Oph	M62	GC, mag 7, 8’x8’, 12x10^9 y, 150k stars, 22k ly.
Oph	M9	GC, mag 8, 9’x9’, 26k ly.
Oph	M107	GC, mag 8, 8’x8’. 100k stars, 21k ly, 14x10^9 y (one of the very oldest!)
Oph	70	Dbl, sep 7", mag 4 and 6.
Oph	36	Dbl, sep 3", mag 5 and 5.5. Rare dbl K stars.
Ori	β	Beta (Rigel) B-class Supergiant, mag 0, 864 ly. Young star, 10x10^6 years old. Dbl sep 9” to Mag 7 Rigel BC -- itself a double. Plus at 44” there is 15th mag Rigel D.
Ori	ꭤ	Alpha (Betelgeuse) M-class Supergiant, mag 1, 498 ly. 900x diameter of the Sun. Alpha varies irregularly both in period and magnitude. It dimmed dramatically at the end of 2019.
Ori	ζ	Zeta (Alnitak) (east belt) O-class Supergiant, mag 2, 817 ly. Dbl sep 2.4” to mag 4. Surface temp ~ 29k °K. The famous Horsehead Nebula (Bernard 33) and Flame Nebula (NGC2024) are in the same low-power FOV as Altinak.
Ori	δ	Delta (Mintaka) (west belt) B-class Giant, mag 2, 916 ly. Dbl sep 53” to mag 7. Surface temp ~ 30k °K. Mintaka is apparently a spectroscopic triple with B and C components orbiting in less than 6 days. Similarly, the mag 7 companion star is a spectroscopic binary with a companion star orbiting in 30 days.
Ori	λ	Lambda (Meissa) O-class Giant, mag 4, 1056 ly. Dbl sep 4” to mag 6. The Meissa Cluster is a pretty OC of 12+ stars.
Ori	σ	Sigma, O-class mag 4, 1148 ly. A cluster of 4 stars in a ragged line. The brightest of these, AB, is a binary too close to separate in small scopes. AB is sep 11” to mag 9 C. D and E (both mag 7) are 12” and 42” on the opposite side of AB. Struve 761 Triple-star system about 3’ NW of Sigma σ. The A star is 50” from BC. B is just 8” from C. Very pretty. About 1-degree SSSW of Zeta ζ Alnitak.
Ori	M42	OC and DN (The Great Orion Nebula), mag 4, 90’x60’. 1344 ly. Note the 4-star Trapezium at its core; Theta-1 C Orionis is mag 5, but 250,000 times more luminous than the Sun! -- so young and hot that electrons are stripped from the surrounding clouds of hydrogen. When these electrons are recaptured they emit light, making this an emission nebula.
Ori	M78	DN (reflection) mag 8, 5’x5’. 1600 ly.
Peg	M15	GC, mag 6, 11’x11’, 100k stars, 34,000 ly, 12x10^9 years old. Contains a planetary nebula and 9 pulsars. One of the oldest and most dense of all Milky Way GC’s.
Per	β	Beta (Algol) B-class, 90 ly, var eclipsing binary, mag 2.1 - 3.4 in 2.867 days, called "the ghoul" or head of Medusa. Its variability was first measured by John Goodricke in 1783. Compare the brightness of β Cas 2.3, δ Cas 2.7, ε Persei 2.9, δ Persei 3.0, and κ Persei 3.8. Algol is also a wide double with a mag 9 companion, sep 68”.
Per	869	Double Cluster, mag 4. NGC 869, 7200 ly. NGC884, 7500 ly. Most of the stars are supergiants like Rigel & Mirfak.
Per	M34	OC mag 6, 20+ stars in binocs, 1400 ly. Young stars (200x10^6 years) but some of them are white dwarfs.
PsA	ꭤ	Alpha (Fomalhaut) A-class, mag 1, 25 ly. ~200x10^6 y.
Pup	M47	OC mag 4, 30’, ~50 stars, 1600 ly. 78x10^6 years old. NGC2423 in the same FOV.
Pup	M46	OC and PN mag 6, ~500 stars, 5400 ly.
Pup	M93	OC mag 6, 10’, ~80 stars, 3400 ly. 387x10^6 years.
Sco	α	Alpha (Antares) M-class Supergiant, mag 1, dbl sep 3” to mag 5. Very difficult.
Sco	β	Beta, B-class, mag 3, colorful dbl sep 14” to mag 4.
Sco	ξ	Xi, Dbl mag 5 sep 8" to mag 7. Struve 1999 is another dbl, mag 7 sep 12" to mag 8.
Sco	M4	GC, mag 6, 30’x30’, 7200 ly, 12x10^9 years old, ~20k stars. Closest globular cluster to Earth.
Sco	M6	OC (Butterfly Cluster), mag 4, 25’x25’, ~80 stars, 1600 ly. 100x10^6 years old, but its brightest star is a K-class orange Giant, formed by the merger of two young, hot stars.
Sco	M7	OC, mag 3, ~80 stars, 80’x80’, ~1000 ly, 220x10^6 years old. First recorded by Ptolemy in his Almagest (AD 150).
Sco	M80	GC, mag 8, 10’x10’, 200k stars. 12.5x10^9 years old.
Sco	6231	OC, mag 3, 14’x14’, ~3x10^6 years old, ~6000 ly.
Sct	M11	OC (Wild Duck Cluster), mag 6, 6200 ly, ~2900 stars.
Sct	M26	OC mag 8, 5000 ly, ~100 stars, 90x10^6 years old.
Ser	M16	DN (Eagle Nebula), mag 6, 70’x50’. Near Scutum.
Ser	M5	GC mag 7, 23’x23’, 25k ly, >100k stars. Near Virgo.
Sgr	M8	DN (Lagoon Nebula), mag 5, 90’x40’, 4300 ly.
Sgr	M25	OC, mag 5, 30’x30’, 600 stars, 2k ly, 90x10^6 years old.
Sgr	M22	GC, mag 5, 30’x30’, 83k stars, 12x10^9 years old, 10,600 ly (only M4 is closer). Contains 2 black holes and a PN.
Sgr	M24	OC, mag 5, 90’x90’, >1k stars, age 220x10^6 y, 10k ly. A break in the dark dust clouds of the Milky Way.
Sgr	M23	OC, mag 7, 30’x30’, 175 stars, 2150 ly, 220x10^6 years old.
Sgr	M20	PN (Trifid Nebula), mag 6, 30’x30’, dist 5,200 ly, age >300k y. Emission, reflection, and dark. Plus OC.
Sgr	M21	OC, mag 7, 13’x13’, ~35 stars, age 5x10^6 years old.
Sgr	M17	OC and DN (Swan Nebula or Omega Nebula), mag 6, 10’x10’, ~5000 ly.
Sgr	M28	GC, mag 8, 11’x11’, >50k stars, 18k ly, 12x10^9 y.
Sgr	M18	OC, mag 8, 9’x9’, ~20 stars, 5k ly, 32x10^6 years old.
Sgr	M55	GC, mag 7, 20’x20’, 100k stars, 18k ly, 12x10^9 ye.
Sgr	M54	GC, mag 8, 12’x12’, >1x10^6 stars, 87k ly, 13x10^9 years old. The first discovered extragalactic globular cluster (1994). Probably belonged to the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy. 1.5 degrees WSW of Zeta ζ.
Sgr	M69	GC, mag 8, 10’x10’, 125k stars, 30k ly, 13x10^9 y. Formed when the universe was  young, M69 is still 10x as “metal rich” as other globulars its age. It is located close to the galactic core where stellar evolution was more rapid. Most of the O, B, A, and F stars have burned out.
Tau	α	Alpha (Aldebaran), K-class Giant, mag 1, 67 ly. The V-shaped Hyades star cluster surrounds Aldebaran 150 ly.
Tau	M45	OC with nebulosity (Pleiades), mag 2. 410 ly. Lovely.
Tau	M1	DN (The Crab Nebula), mag 8, 8’ x 4’, supernova remnant of an explosion recorded by the Chinese in 1054 AD. It shone brightly in the daytime sky for two weeks and was visible at night for two years. 6500 ly. A pulsar (“pulsating radio source”) neutron star is at its center; 30 km diameter, spins 30x/sec. M1 is also the brightest persistent source of x-rays and gamma rays, as well as long wavelength infrared light.
Tri	M33	SG mag 6, 62’x37’, 40x10^9 stars, 2.6x10^6 ly.
UMa	ζ	Zeta (Mizar) A-class, mag 2, 78 ly, dbl sep 12’ from mag 4, Alcor. Mizar itself is a wonderful close double, separated by 14” from a mag 4 companion. The two stars, Mizar A and Mizar B, rotate around a common center in about 5000 years. In 1802 William Herschel argued that these were gravitationally-bound binary stars -- among the first such ever recorded. We now know that Mizar A and Mizar B are themselves very close spectroscopic binary stars. And in 2009 the techniques for finding exoplanets allowed us to determine that even Alcor is a binary star. The Universe loves double stars!
UMa	M101	SG (Pinwheel Galaxy), mag 8, 25’x25’, 21x10^6 ly, ~1000x10^9 stars! More than 1000 HII regions where new stars are forming. Nearly twice as wide as the Milky Way!
UMa	M81	SG (Bode’s Galaxy), mag 7, 22’x11’, 12x10^6 ly, 250x10^9 stars. One of the densest cores in any galaxy. M82 is in the same photo and eyepiece FOV. (Steve Milne)
UMa	M82	IG (Cigar Galaxy), mag 8, 11’x5’, 12x10^6 ly, 30x10^9 stars. In the same FOV as M81, the structure of M82 has been distorted by past close interactions with its larger neighbor creating starburst areas, rapid formation of new stars, polarized light (probably from a super-massive magnetic field), and powerful radio-band emissions.
UMi	α	Alpha (Polaris) F-Class Hypergiant, mag 2, 453 ly. Dbl sep 18” to mag 9 Polaris B. Polaris A is the closest Cepheid variable star to Earth. Polaris A seems to have less mass than predicted by Cepheid modeling, and there continues to be dispute about its distance. 46x D๏, 6.5x M๏. It is very unusual.
Vir	α	Alpha (Spica) B-class Subgiant, mag 1, 250 ly. Hipparchus discovered the precession of the equinoxes in 127 BC by studying Spica.
Vir	M87	EG mag 9, 3’x3’, 53x10^6 ly. Most massive known galaxy. While the Milky Way has 580x10^9 M๏, M87 has 2400x10^9 M๏ -- with the largest known supermassive black hole at its center. While the Milky Way has 200 - 300 globular clusters, M87 has 12k. M87 is in the gravitational center of the Virgo supercluster of 1300 galaxies which includes the 20+ galaxies of the Local Group. (In “Coma-Virgo Cluster”)
Vir	M104	SG mag 8, 8’x5’. Named the Sombrero Galaxy due to its dark dust lane. 100x10^9 stars, 29X10^6 ly. Large red-shift. Like M87, it has a huge central black hole and a halo of over 1000 globular clusters. (Jeff Weiss)
Vir	γ	Gamma (Porrima) F-class Subgiant, mag 3, 39 ly. Dbl sep 3” to mag 4. Their 169-year orbits were used to prove Newton’s theory of gravity -- 6” sep at widest.
Vul	Cr399	Coat Hanger, 10 stars of mag 6. 7 degrees WSW of M27.
Vul	M27	PN (The Dumbbell), mag 8, 8’x6’, 1400 ly. Large central white dwarf, 0.05 R๏.

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